Negative Sequential and Parallel Actions: …ないで, …なくて, and …ずに

Without: ...ずに

Last time, you learned how to express sequential and parallel actions, e.g. “船ふねに乗のって日に本ほんに来きました (I took a ferry and came to Japan),” and “私わたしは船ふねに乗のって、お父とうさんは飛ひ行こう機きに乗のりました (I took a ferry and my father took a flight).” Then, if you would like to say, “I came to Japan without taking a flight,” what should you say? In this lesson, you will learn how to express negative sequential and parallel actions.

Explanation for the Usage of …ないで, …なくて, and …ずに

As you learned, the te-form can express various things when connecting sentences, e.g. sequential actions, reasons (causation), means, and parallel actions. When it comes to negative sentences, there is not such a useful word. Depending on the context, you have to choose one of the following three words: ないで, なくて, and ずに.

Conjugation Rule

見みない 見み ないで・なくて・ずに
買かわない 買かわ ないで・なくて・ずに
読よまない 読よま ないで・なくて・ずに
しない し ないで・なくて・ずに*
来こない 来こ ないで・なくて・ずに

The verb conjugation is very simple. You can utilize the negative form and attach ないで, なくて, or ずに instead of ない. There is just one exception. When you conjugate する by using ずに, it has to be せずに.

美味おいしくない 美味おいしく ないで・なくて・ずに
元げん気きじゃない 元げん気きじゃ ないで・なくて・ずに
医い者しゃじゃない 医い者しゃじゃ ないで・なくて・ずに

When it comes to adjectives and nouns, only なくて is available.

Negative Sequential Actions

Sequential Actions: …ないで and …ずに

夫おっとはお酒さけを飲のんで 家いえに帰かえって(きた / きました)
First Action Second Action
[My] husband drank alcohol and came home.
夫おっとはお酒さけを飲のまないで 家いえに帰かえって(きた / きました)
First Action (Not Done) Second Action
[My] husband came home without drinking.

ないで is the negative form of the te-form to combine two verbs or more. Considering the fact that first action is not done, you can treat the meaning as “without” in English.

ご飯はんを食たべないで(寝ねる / 寝ねます)。
[I] will go to bed without eating a meal.
遠慮えんりょしないで聞きいて(ください)ね。
Please ask [me something] without hesitation.
さよならを言いわないで引ひっ越こし(た / ました)。
[I] moved without saying goodbye.
窓まどを閉しめないで出でかけ(た / ました)。
[I] left without closing the window.

If you use ずに instead of ないで, your speech will sound a little formal. However, ずに can still be heard in conversation.

ご飯はんを食たべずに(寝ねる / 寝ねます)。
遠慮えんりょせずに聞きいて(ください)ね。 
さよならを言いわずに引ひっ越こし(た / ました)。
窓まどを閉しめずに出でかけ(た / ました)。

Means: …ないで and …ずに

[私わたしは] 飛ひ行こう機きに乗のって 日に本ほんに(来きた /来きました)
First Action (Means) Second Action
[I] came to Japan by taking a flight.
[私わたしは] 飛ひ行こう機きに乗のらないで 日に本ほんに(来きた /来きました)
First Action (Means) Second Action
[I] came to Japan without taking a flight.

Just like the te-form, you can express means that you don’t use. The translation can be “by not doing” or “without doing.”

歌詞かしを見みないで(歌うたった / 歌うたいました)。
[I] sung without looking at the lyrics.
資し格かくを取とらないで就しゅう職しょく(した / しました)。
[I] got a job without taking a qualification.
携帯けいたいを持もたずに旅行りょこう(する / します)。
[I] will travel without having a cellphone.
辞じ書しょを使つかわずに問題もんだいを(解とく / 解ときます)。
[I] will solve the question without using a dictionary.

Reasons (Causation): …なくて

お父とうさんが病びょう気きになって [私わたしは] 心配しんぱい(した / しました)
First Action (Reason) Second Action
[I] was worried that [my] father got sick.
お父とうさんの病びょう気きが治なおらなくて [私わたしは] 心配しんぱい(した / しました)
First Action (Reason) Second Action
[I] was worried that [my] father didn’t recover from his sickness.

Just like the te-form, you can express reasons (causation) by using なくて. Be careful; you cannot use ないで and ずに in this context. With なくて, you can connect nouns and adjectives.

宿しゅく題だいをしなくて怒おこられ(た / ました)。
[I] was scolded because [I] didn’t do homework.
 料りょう理りが美味おいしくなくて、食たべられ(ない / ません)。
The meal is not good, so [I] cannot eat [it].
日に本ほん語ごが上じょう手ずじゃなくて、よく(困こまる / 困こまります)。
[My] Japanese is not good, so [I] often get trouble.

Negative Parallel Actions: …ないで and …なくて

妹いもうとが学校がっこうに行いって、 私わたしは学校がっこうに行いかなかった(です)
Parallel Action Parallel Action
[My] younger sister went to school, but I didn’t.
私わたしは学校がっこうに行いかなくて、  妹いもうとが学校がっこうに(行いった / 行いきました)
Parallel Action Parallel Action
I didn’t go to school, but [my] younger sister did.

Both of the above examples express the same thing. The order of the plain part and the negative part is just opposite. There are two points that you need to pay attention to. The first is that ずに is not available here. The second is that you can use nouns and adjectives with only なくて.

薬くすりは甘あまくなくて、苦にがい(です)。
Medicines are not sweet, but bitter.
 大学生だいがくせいじゃなくて、高校生こうこうせい(だ / です)。
[I] am not a university student, but a high school one.
京きょう都とに行いかなくて、大阪おおさかに(行いった / 行いきました)。
[I] didn’t go to Kyoto, but Osaka.
ご飯はんを食たべないで、ケーキを食たべ(た / ました)。
[I] didn’t eat a meal, but cake.

Negative Conjunctive Form (連用形れんようけい)

ご飯はんを食たべず(寝ねる / 寝ねます)
お父とうさんの病びょう気きが治なおらなく、心配しんぱい(した / しました)。
料りょう理りが美味おいしくなく、食たべられ(ない / ません)
大学生だいがくせいじゃなく、高校生こうこうせい(だ / です)。

ずに and なくて have the conjunctive form which can make your speech more formal. The conjugation is to just drop the last letter, i.e. to drop the に of ずに and the て of なくて. Please keep in mind that ないで doesn’t have the conjunctive form and ず can express parallel actions while ずに cannot.

私わたしは学校がっこうに行いかずに、妹いもうとが学校がっこうに(行いった / 行いきました)。
=> Unnatural
私わたしは学校がっこうに行いかず、妹いもうとが学校がっこうに(行いった / 行いきました)。
=> Natural

Summary

  Sequential Action Means Reason (Causation) Parallel Actions
ないで Available Available   Available
ずに Available Available    
なくて     Available Available

In plain sentences, you can express all of the functions by just using the te-form. However, you have to use …ないで, …なくて, and …ずに differently as the above table shows. All of them are frequently used expressions and thus you should be able to recognize them when native speakers use them with you. Now you can express sequential and parallel actions. Next, you will learn how to express simultaneous actions.